Poetry changed alongside wider society Essay

We learn that Arnold can no longer draw comfort from the â€Å"sea of faith† or religion which encompassed him and like the â€Å"folds of a bright girdle furled. † Instead, the coast and sea is an analogy for religious trend. Christianity is ebbing away because of scientific dispatch. This results is the â€Å"naked shingles of the world†; a place that is unprotected and fragile with no supreme power to guide man. This confusion is emphasized the informality of its structure. The lack of a coherent rhythm and rhyme scheme creates the illusion of tide, â€Å"But now I only hear, Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating to the breath,† which swashes and washes along the coast just like the different line lengths. As we can see, Arnold is hesitant of change and acceptance for him results in apprehension. This is unusual in the sense that, conventionally, acceptance results in peace of mind. Ironically, in god’s Grandeur, when Hopkins refutes absolute science, he is more buoyant and cheerful towards which is not the usual characteristics of denial. In the poem, despite the fall of contemporary Victorian society, â€Å"nature is never spent† and permeates the world with â€Å"the dearest of freshness. † Hopkins conveys an image of god being a regenerative force who is able to bring morning following the â€Å"last lights of the black west. † He is defiant of the theory of evolution and instead believes in the â€Å"holy ghost. † Gods Grandeur ends with: â€Å"World broods with warm breast and with ah! Bright wings. † This imagery is inspired with hope and resembles the techniques by Romantic poets where an animal would be used as the vehicle to escape misery; for example the skylark in Keats poem. On the other hand, Dover Beech is not optimistic but instead shares the pessimism associated with poems in the 1900. Arnold depicts the world as a stagnant site with â€Å"neither joy, nor love nor light. † In the last stanza, he talks personally to his wife: â€Å"Ah, love, let us be true† In a place of no faith, Arnold wishes to pin their faith on each other- the language becomes poetic with a series of semantically related adjectives: â€Å"So various, so beautiful, so new† The Victorians lived through a time of change however change in the near future results in â€Å"neither certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. † This apprehension is felt by Arnold who is â€Å"swept with confused alarms†; the complete antithesis of Hopkins.

Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change Essay

In all academic institutions and related fields, it is required that all undertakings take place with one upholding academic integrity. Academic integrity is defined as the ethical policy or moral code of academia. The values include the aspects of avoiding plagiarism, avoiding cheating, being honest and rigorous in academic publishing and research as well as maintaining academic standards. These are the main aspects though the same will be presented in different formats by different institutions in their fight against any form of academic dishonesty (Bertram et al., 2008). Plagiarism is an integral part of academic integrity. It is demanded that all forms of plagiarism be avoided. Though still lacking clear definitions and clear rules, plagiarism is defined as the wrong appropriation as well as stealing and publicizing another writer’s ideas, thoughts, language or expression with the representation of the same as one’s own unique work. In the industry and academia, plagiarism is a major ethical offense that constitutes copyright infringement (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008). Plagiarism involves many aspects. The various components include the major one which is copying ideas or words from another without giving credit. Another plagiarism component is handing in someone else work as one’s own. Plagiarism also involves provision of incorrect information on a given source of quotation. Another aspect is failing to insert quotations on quotation marks. Plagiarism also involves the copying of many ideas or words from a given source making up majority of one’s work whether giving credit or not. Another component of plagiarism is the changing of words in a sentence but copying the sentence structure of the source without giving credit. Apart from academia, other components of plagiarism exist in art and journalism. It involves the use of video, image or pieces of music in some produced work without providing the appropriate citation or having received proper permission. Other aspects involve the scanning of a copyrighted image. The recreation of v isual work in a different medium is also considered as plagiarism. One is also said to plagiarize if they recreate some visual work in same medium. One is also not supposed to record video or audio with copyrighted video or music playing in the background or else it will be taken as plagiarism. The performance of another person’s copyrighted music in art is also labeled as plagiarism. Another component of plagiarism in art is composing pieces in music which borrow heavily from another person’s composition. With the rise of the internet, plagiarism on this platform has taken the form of content scraping which is the copying and pasting from blogs and websites (Lathrop & Foss, 2005). The most effective strategy to avoid plagiarism is to properly cite the sources. One needs to acknowledge that a part of their material is borrowed. One should then proceed to provide the appropriate audience with the necessary information to find the source. For art and journalism, the strategy to prevent the plagiarism of copyrighted items involves citing them in the proper way and confirming works usage permission. For the internet, to prevent copy-pasting, one of the strategy is to disable the right clicking option. The other is the placement of warning banners on copyrights on the web pages (Lathrop & Foss, 2005). To ensure academic integrity, there are various sources of assistance for students. One of the avenues is to ask for help from the course instructors. Students can also use graduate advisors or academic advisors in respective academic departments for assistance with any academic work. Faculty members can also provide assistance by approving any research assistance that will be accorded to the students. Some academic institutions also have academic resource centers to help students with research work (Lancaster & Waryold, 2008). References Bertram, G. T., In Ward, K., In Wolf-Wendel, L. E., & Association for the Study of Higher Education. (2008).  Academic integrity in the 21st century: A teaching and learning imperative. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. Lancaster, J. M., & Waryold, D. M. (2008).  Student conduct practice: The complete guide for student affairs professionals. Sterling, Va: Stylus Pub. Lathrop, A., & Foss, K. (2005).  Guiding students from cheating and plagiarism to honesty and integrity: Strategies for change. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited Source document

Ray Rice’s Amazing Story

Ray has learned more and more about his father, Calvin Reed. Janet has a color snapshot, which serves as the only means by which Ray knows what his father looked like.There are stories In which he has learned that he was a respectable man 1 OF3 wltn a respectaDle D I nese tnlngs are comTortlng to Ray Decause tne reason ne never got to know his father is extremely uncomfortable. In the summer of 1988, a car rolled past Reed as he was walking home from work. Shots were fired and Reed died there on the sidewalk. Three years later, when the gunman was convicted and sent to prison, it was revealed that Reed wasnt the target. He was Just in the wrong place at the wrong time. â€Å"Sometimes you wonder what it would be like to have your real dad,† Ray said.Just for a walk in the park or Just recapping our lives. That's the part that makes me think. â€Å"00A few years later, Rice's aunt died of brain cancer at 37 years old. Her son, Shaun Rice-Nichols, moved up three floors in their apartment complex to live with Janet and Ray. 00Treated like a son by Janet, Shaun was a father fgure to Ray, who was 10 years younger. They did everything together, from Ray's favorite (playing sports), to Shaun's favorite (rapping in front of the mirror). Shaun was an up-and- coming rap artist known as S. U. P. E. , which stood for Spiritually Uplifting People Everywhere.He sang about inspiring people and guiding them in the right direction despite their tough surroundings. Shaun would always tell Ray to go for his dreams, to pursue them with extreme passion. After all, Shaun was proof that even a kid from the projects could make it. 00At about 21 years old, Shaun signed his first record deal and moved with his fianc ©e and two young daughters to California to pursue his music career. 00†³He was the one in the family where if he wanted something he went after it and he got it,† Ray said. â€Å"He was the first one the family was really proud of. 0 0But Shaun's dream s ended on a road in California on March 21, 1998.That's when a driver, swerving to avoid another car during the early hours of St. Patrick's Day, plowed into Shaun's compact car. His fianc ©e died on the scene, and Shaun passed away four days later. â€Å"That was rough, really rough. But I believe today he's still here,† Ray said. â€Å"My family is different. When he died, in a sense some of my family died. Everybody Just changed for a little bit. â€Å"00Just 1 1 years old at the time, Ray didn't change. He Just became even more obsessive about continuing the mission that Shaun began for his family, he says. 00Ray still carries Shaun close to him at all times.He has Shaun's name, S. U. P. E. , tattooed on his right biceps and he carries his memories of him onto the football field. â€Å"I'm in his place now,† Ray said. â€Å"l made it to the NFL, but that's not enough. It's about my family and I'm trying to gel everyone believe in my dream and I chase my dream like S. U. P. E. chased his dream. He didn't get a chance to finish his dream. I want to finish my dream. One day after football practice during his 1 lth grade season, Ray stared out of the partment window as his mother ran him a hot bath, pouring in Epsom salt to ease his sore muscles. Ma, I'm going to the league,† Ray said. â€Å"I've got to make it to the league. I'll be glad when I can tell you, You don't have to work no more. ‘† Janet lived her whole life in The Hollow. She sometimes worked two Jobs trying to make ends meet while doing her best to spoil Rice and his three younger siblings. Besides the time she spends doting on her own kids, she has dedicated her career to teaching special needs children, a calling that shows her heart is bigger than the 4-foot-11 body it lives in. Ray decided early on in life that his mother needed help.And since then, a large part of his mission has been to use his passion of football to give her a different life. Ray was a two-sport star at New Rochelle High School. He played point guara Tor nls DasKetDall team, lea01ng tnem to tne state Tlnals In 2 football field, he scored 31 touchdowns as a senior and was named to the Madison Square Garden's All-Heisman team. Ray then became a college football legend in the New York-New Jersey area, rejuvenating Rutgers' football program and leading the team to a miraculous upset win over previously-undefeated Louisville in 2007.Right before being interviewed by ESPN on national television that night, with the cameras rolling, Rice stopped and called out, â€Å"Where's my mother? † He was worried about her being trampled by the students streaming onto the field. Despite her son being drafted, nearly leading the NFL in total yardage last year and being named to the Pro Bowl in Just his second season, those words on ESPN serve as Janet's favorite football memory for the sheer fact that it shows how much her son cares about her. Ray and Janet still talk on th e phone every single morning at around 6 a. m. while Janet is cooking breakfast for her children.They talk about everything, from football to girls. â€Å"I'm more than Just his mother,† Janet said. â€Å"I'm his best friend. We laugh, we giggle. We have so much fun together. † In large part, Ray's success has already allowed him to take care of his family. His mother drives a new Lexus and now lives in a safe, waterfront property Just about 15 minutes from their old apartment. But Janet still goes to her Job at school, still caring for special needs children. â€Å"I've got one more phase left,† Ray said. â€Å"It will be her choice whether she wants to work. I want her to fulfill what she wasn't able to Just raising us. I want her to enjoy herself.

Specialty Hospitals and Community Hospitals Essay

Specialty Hospitals and Community Hospitals - Essay Example For instance, some cardiac hospitals had a tendency of treating cases that were more profitable as compared to the cases that community hospitals dealt with, whilst there was no conclusive determination as regards specialty hospitals dealing with surgical cases. Another realization of this analysis was the higher satisfaction from patients who received their treatment from specialty hospitals compared to other hospitals (Li & Wang, 2008). The conclusion drawn from this study was that specialty hospitals delivered care that was less uncompensated. However, the compensation of these costs came from payments done to corporate and property income taxes. Another mode of compensation was the failure to receive a disproportion share of hospital payments. On the other hand, the department of health concluded that some physicians usually referred patients to their private hospitals whilst still taking emergency calls from their departments in order to maintain their bases for referrals. These studied failed to identify a significant impact differential on both utilization and quality, and as such, recommended a modification on the prices of DRG in order to reflect costs much closely, as well as, eliminating any incentives provided. According to the studies and reports, it was impossible for MedPAC and the department of health to come up with a conclusive decision about the performance and activities of specialty hospitals. However, it was necessary to come up with a solid decision in order to determine the right position of specialty hospitals within the community. For instance, the CMS came up with certain decisions at the end of August 2006. It decided to follow up the recommendations made by the MedPAC in order to revise payments made to DRG for them to be much closer to other hospital costs as compared to hospital charges. In addition, it also seconded the proposed rule whereby specialty hospitals were to accept transfers of patients

Business Ethics Case Study - The Nice Guy Essay

Business Ethics Case Study - The Nice Guy - Essay Example eople holding different managerial positions to possess leadership skills so that problem solving and decision making are done effectively and efficiently. This paper addresses the key aspects related to business ethics and discusses the essential leadership qualities required for ethical problem solving and strategic decision making. Let us first understand what business ethics is and how it relates to leadership issues and the overall business environment. In order to understand the relevance of ethical values in business, it is important to first realize the organizational structure as a social institute. An organization is formed by a collective group(s) of individuals with a vision to develop a network of common interest. Managers and executives are responsible for directing the resources of the organization. Shareholders are the owners of the capital, who expect profitable outcomes of their investment. Then there are employees who produce the goods in return of a decent wage and safe working conditions. In other words, all these groups are interlinked to one another, and a perfect balance between them creates the conditions essential for a successful business enterprise. Maintaining this balance is important for the management of the company in the sense that miscalculation in the balance can actually negatively affect the ethical system of the company. As Guy (1990, 4) states, â€Å"For an enterprise to continually give value to human effort and to encourage creative achievements, a balance of all interests is required.† While discussing ethics, it is important to talk about other related terms such as values and morals. Values refer to the core beliefs of what is desirable in an organization. Values considerably affect the choices made in business decisions, which further includes the aspects of ethics or morals. This paper does not aim to distinguish the definitions of ethics or morals. In short, both ‘ethics’ and ‘morals’ signify the codes of

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Research Paper Example Alcohol consumption is the main factor in a fetus developing fetal alcohol syndrome. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol enters the bloodstream and reaches the fetus by crossing the placenta; anything that enters the woman’s body is passed along to the fetus, and alcohol is no different. However, fetuses are unable to metabolize alcohol as quickly as adults, thus making the fetus’s blood alcohol concentration higher than that of the mother and more difficult to get rid of (Ulleland, 1972). Adults are able to rid themselves of alcohol within an hour for each beverage, yet fetuses do not have the ability to do so, so the alcohol sticks with them longer, often cause irreversible damage. Alcohol interferes with the oxygen being delivered to the unborn baby. It is common that babies face mental, behavioral and physical diseases and deformities when they are being denied the oxygen that they need to develop fully and healthily. This lack of oxygen greatly affects the nutrition of the baby’s developing tissues, organs, and brain, often causing babies with fetal alcohol syndrome to be born premature or with a variety of diseases or deformities. Due to science and technology, a fetus still in the womb can be pre-diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome based on certain signs and symptoms; unfortunately, properly diagnosing the baby can only take place after the child has been born. The first major sign is a mother that drinks regularly while pregnant. Through ultrasounds and by listening to the heartbeat of the fetus, a doctor can determine if the fetus is already facing difficulties and complications due to the intake of alcohol. Unfortunately, many of the signs and symptoms are made known after the baby has been born.   Babies often face growth deficiency, being excessively under average height and weight compared to babies born without the syndrome.  

Diversity Enhancement Programs at the Workplace Research Paper

Diversity Enhancement Programs at the Workplace - Research Paper Example The aim of this work is to look at some of the benefit programs used by organisation to enhance diversity at the workplace. The literature review looks at the evolution diversity and some of the benefit programs used by modern organisations to enhance diversity. This study gathered data through qualitative research method. Questionnaires collect information from staff and management. Qualitative research process will be supported by interpretive analysis approach. The research ascertains roles played by benefit programs in enhancing diversity. Results of this paper are necessary and fundamental to stakeholders in the modern dynamic work environment. Acknowledgement Table of Contents Employee Diversity Benefit Program Questionnaire 23 Introduction According to Rasmussen, 1996, p. 274, diversity is the mosaic of individuals who convey an assortment of settings, methods, perspectives, and ideals as resources to the teams and organisations with which they relate. There are many reasons f or the rise in diversity at the place of work. Among them is the influx of more immigrants, corporate strategic alliances, and search for skills across the globe, employing a diverse labour force because of deliberate action programs, and the growing globalization of businesses. ... Therefore, the management has to assess its benefit programs to maintain its bearing to their employees. As diversity evolves, organisations continue to focus on how they can make it a business case especially on how companies can effectively utilize diversity for competitive advantage. Diversity is getting acknowledgement as a resource capable of adding and contributing to the company’s profits. Diversity is rising almost as rapidly as the number of software sellers at an accounting conference (Talbot-Allen, 1995, p. 3) According to Clarke (1995, p. 13), it is imperative, therefore, for companies and businesses to take measures to encourage and promote diversity in the work setting. Managing diversity is a challenge as well as an opportunity for organisation’s management. It requires organisational amendments that foster a cultural background that appreciates divergences and optimizes the potential of all. A proactive focus to diversity breeds competitive advantage hen ce offering the organisation an opportunity. In an organisation, each segment discovers, describes, and organizes its understanding in distinctive ways (Fine, Johnson, & Ryan, 1990, p.306, 317). HR representatives are leading the culture change by developing a diversity dream to place the platform for successful diversity management. Training and sensitization on diversity should acknowledge that individuals are different and respond in different ways and hence management should endeavor to ease the friction. Diversity pertains learning from others, dignity and esteem for all, and developing workplace settings and procedures that foster learning and absorb the benefit of diverse viewpoints.

Effective Talent Management Processes And Management Development Essay

Effective Talent Management Processes And Management Development Programme - Essay Example Talent intelligence refers to the insight that a company needs to capitalize on its most key asset – its employees – by capturing meaningful information on people within the organization and outside (within competitors) for appropriate action towards driving the business of the organization forward (Lawler III & Ulrich, 2008). Talent management (and development), on the other hand, refers to a body of theories (including models and empirical studies) that offer managerial insights on how to identify such talent systematically and provides mechanisms on how to nurture and utilize the talent so acquired towards fulfilling the organizational objectives (Berger & Berger, 2010). In practice, talent management requires every individual organization to design, develop, and implement its own unique and adaptive talent management strategy in line with the organization’s objectives, operations, culture and environmental influencers (Berger & Berger, 2010). Talent managemen t has become a core human resource function. Trends and Emergent Issues in Global Management Globalization has led to a radical paradigm shift in how organizations conduct their business. Similarly, managerial focus has now broadened from a restricted focus on how the organization can achieve profitability and survive within the domestic and regional market. It now includes the emergent issues in global business today and the way they affect the organization’s profitability, as well as the way an organization impacts both its internal members and the communities where it is situated. The emergence of Brazil, India, China, and Russia as economic giants has led to increased focus of industries and top quality human resource skills on these markets due to the shortage of managerial talent elsewhere. The number of excellent leaders and managers has not increase (at least not at par) while the level of companies and industries seeking these crucial human resources has (Goldsmith & Carter, 2009). Talent management has increasingly grown from the need to find individuals whose competencies ‘fit’ within the organizational agenda in times of growth and expansion. It is clear from the recent, historical effects that the globalization of former national markets has not only brought opportunities forth for economies of scale and, therefore, more profits, but also created an integrated system that channels a ripple effect, in case of a collapse of one segment of its market, onto the rest of the global system (Carnall, 2007). Global recessions like the one experienced in 2008 had the effect of cutting down jobs globally. A focus of managers now shifts to identification and development of individuals with the ability to lead during such lean times, talents which can consolidate, engage, and sustain a proactive yet consistent approach to operational business cycles. Finally, global business means that multinationals need to obtain employees with different skills and competencies, which blend together to provide synergistic benefits for the organization (Schiemann & Meisinger, 2009). The differentiation amongst individuals in terms of behaviors, culture, attitudes, and interests means that a delicate and deliberate effort is required in obtaining a harmonious fusion of all these elements (the list is by no means conclusive) that is self-sustaining and provides an environment suitable for creativity, innovation, and employee growth. Present managers have exposed a high

Risks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risks - Assignment Example The book is for age 10 and over. OReilly chronicles a valuable, historical narrative of the tragedy that changed the nation. He presents information on the shocking events that lead to John Kennedy’s assassination that changed the course of American history. He also presents the political crisis the President was facing, his life and his family in the eye of the public. He recounts the gripping detail and brutal murder of John Kennedy, and how a sequence of gunshots killed a president that people loved. He also recounts how JKF sent the nation into the catastrophic division of the war in Vietnam. He also sent the nation to the culture changing repercussion of the Vietnam War. On the other hand, OReilly describes Lee Harvey Oswald as an angry Drifter, taken into police custody. His accusers accused him of the most notorious twentieth-century crime. OReilly also highlights the President as a brave leader, a hero, and a president whose desire was to make the world a better to liv e. Nonetheless, O’Reilly presents the government’s line that Harvey Oswald was a lone nut. However, Bill O’ Reilly book for young readers, Kennedy’s last Days about the JKF assassination might have remained inoffensively out of pasture had its author not been accused of fabricating a part of its monolog. Other writers and advocates have for a long time cataloged the meltdowns, exaggerations and many stumbles of OReilly. They perceive OReilly as being risky, recurrently unfair and inexorably lopsided. In the final pages of the book, he describes how he tracked down a shadowy Lee Harvey Oswalds associate in Florida. George de Mohrenschildt, the Russian-American businessman, had known Marina, Oswalds wife. He also helped Oswald get his first job. O Reilly in his book wrote that he heard a blast of a shotgun only to discover George had killed himself. However, news outlets are now challenging OReillys narrative with reports that he was in Texas at

The Relocation of the Willnam Working and Service Building Essay

The Relocation of the Willnam Working and Service Building - Essay Example In this paper, the researcher will first present a detailed analysis of the main procedure regarding the timing of activities and the total float. For determining the activity time the researchers assign an appropriate timeline to each project activity. This time is given through some analytical or statistical study. Here the researchers make use of these methods to observe the main project achievement and development time. By this time the researchers obtain a project main timeline for the project execution. Here the researchers also assign the opposite sequence to each activity of the project. Through these assigned activity sequencing, the expansion of a project network diagram is developed. This procedure is able to be pretty time intense if completed by hand. Luckily, there are development organization software tools that be able to build network illustrations although there can be an illustration where the researchers have to perform it by hand. One of the main causes for build ing a plan organization network drawing is to decide the elasticity of the network. Total float is the time accessible for holding-up a movement with no hold-up end Date of the plan. The entire float of a task is then the biggest probable hold-up in the finishing of this task that will not reason a hold-up in the achievement of the whole project. This recommends the succeeding automatic notion: The CP (critical path) is the preeminent time's path in the course of the network diagram that makes a decision about the direct quantity of time projected for the achievement of a project. As planning, the CP attributes and activities naturally have a float equivalent to 0 (zero). To decide critical path actions, intact Float is computed per duty. Project activities that are not programmed in the CP will have the float. The process for the computation of the Total Float is the divergence between the Early Start and Late Start or like this (LS-ES). The researchers can also have an additional way for that is the difference between Early Finish and Late Finish or (LF-EF). To achieve the basic values to find the Total Float, every achievement would have to go in the course of the presumptuous pass to work out the untimed values as well as the rearward pass to compute the not on time values, subsequently that the â€Å"Total Float† method could be purposeful to every job. For the reason that this is capable to be fairly time overwhelming, the subsequent shortcut is able to decrease the time it acquires to compute Total Float: To decide the entire Float considered for the leftover tasks, go away to the subsequently top pathway.

Media Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Programming - Essay Example Television and films may also ruin the eyesight of people. The television projects contrast and brightness that could cause a reaction against people’s eyes. This makes the eyesight weaker. Also, this causes soreness in the eyes, and inn extreme cases, it may result to complete visual impairment in individuals. Movies encourage violence in the society. There is no doubt that there is a high production of violent movies now than ever before. This influences people in a big way by encouraging shootings, fights and disrespect in teenagers. These movies may also encourage indulgence in cults. A report from http://www.cybercollege.com/violence.html indicates that children who watch violent movies may end up getting convicted of a crime. Media programs also encourage a Larger than Life Character among children and teenagers. Media programs may air movies with skilled fighters, acrobatics and human beings with superhuman powers. This may cause children to try dangerous things in order to have the superhuman characters. For example, after watching Spiderman, children may subject themselves to spider bites. Media programs may also act as a means to propaganda. The main goal of film makers is to increase profits. Therefore, they may use controversial topics such as legalization of drugs, racism or human sexuality. The use of propaganda helps the filmmakers reach more people. However, it may raise agitations, protests and uproar among people. Media programs have many advantages and impacts in people’s lives.

The Perception of Power Essay Example for Free

The Perception of Power Essay The idea of power is at times quite confusing.   Pinpointing an exact human quality or possession and labelling it ‘power’ is impossible, and to understand this key element in social dynamics we must look more deeply into our own lives and the lives of those around us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Power dynamics are fluid, changing, and dependent on the specific situation. Each person in a conflict has some degree of power, though one party may have more compared to the other, and the power can shift during a conflict† (Barrosse, 2007, p. 104). According to Interpersonal Conflict power is a factor in every human relationship, and it plays a role in all that we do. Every situation is made of people, and each of those people has a certain amount of power – the amounts and the dynamics between the people will inevitably play out in either a show of conflict or of conformity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Barrosse also describes power as a kind of currency which can be traded around, used to achieve goals and also rendered useless in ‘foreign’ situations. â€Å"Just as money depends on the context in which it is to be spent, your power currencies depend on how much your particular resources are valued by the other persons in a relationship context† (Barrosse, 2007, p.106). Therefore, power is not solely inherit in an individual, but actually has only a relative existence. While most of us tend to perceive power as a trait that comes out of a person’s own character, it really only exists if that person is in a social group that understands and accepts that individual’s apparent power.   If taken away from his or her usual social group, a normally powerful person can be left with no influence and suffer a complete power loss. Essentially, one does not wield power outside of normal social context.   â€Å"Power depends on having currencies that other peopled need† (Barrosse, 2007, 106).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The reason for this is simple; if you continue to think of power in terms of currency as Barrosse suggests (2007, p.106), and social groups as different countries, then you can see how powerful people experience difficulties when functioning outside their normal realm of social relationships.   What one group of people might value very highly in a person (thus giving them power) may not carry over to another group. For example, a powerful person in one group may be that way because he or she cooks very good Thai food for friends.   If that person were to associate with a new group of people who are not interested in dinner parties, or who eat only fast food, then that key to power is lost.   It’s all about key â€Å"resource control† (Barrosse, 2007, 107).   Power is all completely relative to the social group within which one lives his or her life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conflict arises during a power shift.   When one or more people in a group decide to change their relative ranking, trouble can follow.   Barrosse says the key to conflict resolution lies in understanding that â€Å"each person firmly believes that the other person has more power† (2007, p.110). For people within a power struggle, it can be difficult to accept the fact that no one person might be right or wrong; the conflict is simply about the need for perceived power.   So how do we avoid conflict based on this simple, unavoidable power struggle?   â€Å"Because each person in the conflict believes that he or she is in the low-power position, the conflict escalates† (Barrosse, 2007, p.110).   So the key to eluding conflict is â€Å"clarifying the currencies available to you and to other parties† (Barrosse, 2007, p.9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The perception of power is much more straightforward than we usually realise.   At the root, power is solely based on social dynamics – whichever people have the most to offer their peers (opportunities, belonging, success) will be the most powerful in a group. Reference: Barrosse, E. (Ed). (2007). Interpersonal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Audi Marketing Mix Analysis

Audi Marketing Mix Analysis The Audi history begins with a man called August Horch, and in 1899, he established the Company HORCH CO. He invented his first car in 1901. But in 1909 Mr. Horch leaves his company and founded another company called Audi. Audi is the Latin translation for Horch and he took that name. In 1910, the brand AUDI Automobilwerke GmbH was registered. In 1931, the AUTO UNION was founded some members were DKW, HORCH, WANDERER and AUDI. Moreover, the new companies insignia to show the union of the four companies was the now familiar 4 rings, that what still used by Audi today. After the 2nd world war, there were again many cars produced, the most important for them were the DKW Munga, a four-wheel jeep with 3-cylinder 2-stroke engine. Invented in 1956 for the German military, there have produced 250 cars for testing purposes. And these cars made a trip around the world and drove more than 240 000 km also without major problems. This was the beginning of the later concept called Quattro and it had nearly 57 000 Mungaswere built until 1968. In the following years, they have many different engine- and car types were invented and produced in large amounts. There also improving, rallying and testing the first real ur-quattro with the new coupe body was build in 1980. And the power has been raised to 200hp in the testing time, and most of the other car producer did with a 2.2l engine. Audi, the core brand that the Audi has been focusing by the Audi Group in adopting its Strategy 2020 on the challenges of the future. The mission We delight customers worldwide was explored in greater depth during 2011 where the strategy took on firmer contours. Heightened environmental awareness, growing uncertainty about the future availability of fossil fuels and increasing urbanization are the results of giving more weight to new issues that have emerged. The Mission of this company is We delight customers worldwide. The Audi brands products are famous of the brand values sportiness, modernism and sophistication. The brand with the four rings aims to suggest customer delight in many other ways and thus can lead to building technologically advanced vehicles. The mission statement which is We delight customers worldwide plays a main role on the path to becoming the leading first-class brand. The Audi brand has well-defined its understanding of customer delight in greater detail in the following four areas of action. That are We define innovation, We create experiences , We live responsibility and We shape Audi. In this company there have three objectives. First is to create impact and drive awareness of Audi Q5 launch. Second is demonstrating Audis core value proposition of Progressive Performance. And then last is communicate Audis prestige offering. Those three objectives is what Audi company execution in this few years. On the other hand, in this few year the Audi Companys target market are predominantly males between 40-50 years old, married with a household income between $137K $265K. And women who are a key influencer in the purchase process of the Q5. Chapter 2: Analysis of Marketing Mix Strategies 2.1 PRODUCT STRATEGIES 2.1.1 Product Classification Audi car are known as the wants or desires that less frequently bought by the consumer so Audi car is classified as luxury product in the category of consumer product. Consumer product is defined as the products and services bought by final consumers for personal consumption. Audi car is known as one of the well-known car that less frequently bought by the consumers due to the price is expensive which is within the range of RM 179,900 to RM 1250,000. Therefore, consumers will do a survey and planning before they actually want to buy it. Wisely consumers will collect a lot of information that relevant to Audi and do price comparison with other car in the market with their main competitors which are BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Furthermore, Audi car is also selling in high price that seldom consumed by the consumers. It is a branded product that having mass advertisement in magazines, television and personal selling by reseller and producer in order to convince consumers to buy it and remind the consumer about their product in the market. Branding Branding plays an important role in identifying the seller and buyers of Audi. It differentiates them from their competitors. Audi is design with four interlinked rings that represent one of Germanys oldest automobile manufacturers. The first ring from the left represents Audi, the second represents DKW, third is Horch, and the last ring is Wanderer.ÂÂ  Its similarity to the Olympic rings caused the International Olympic Committee to indict Audi in International Trademark Court in 1995. In addition, this is a simple logo and made a lot of people to recognize and remember. With the current type of branding, it had brought the product identification to the consumers with its unique design. This will not only ease the consumers to differentiate their product but also help to segment markets. In addition, it also symbolized the inseparable unity of the four founder-companies which are Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. Each of the four companies was allocated a specific market segment within their group. DKW was responsibility for motorcycles and small cars. Wanderer built midsize cars and Audi manufactured cars in the sumptuous midsize class. Horch produced deluxe top-of-the-range automobiles. Besides, it provides product quality and consistency as the consumers know that they will get the same benefit, feature and quality each time they bought the Audi product. Labeling Labeling are using in describing several things of the product. Audi car will offer an instruction book for every buyer. This instruction book encompasses the information of the brand, details about the car, and instruction in how to use and control the car. Packaging Almost all of the products in the market needed packaging. Packaging is essential in term to market the brand and protect the products to ensure the product is safety. Audi car usually covers the seating of new car with plastic to prevent dust will stain the cushion. Furthermore, a protective film will cover on the scene of indicator. This is to prevent the scene to be scratched. Thus, this can protect the product safety. Product Support Services Product support services are to enhance customer service and satisfaction by assess the value of current services and obtain idea for adding new services to delight the customers. For a new or potential customer, Audi will offer free test drive for them. This is to make sure the customer satisfy with their product. They also provide after-sale services included 2 years warranty and 6 months of installment completely free after customer purchase the car to make sure the customer not just satisfy and also happy when use their product because their product performance is greater than the consumer expectation. There are many Service Centers of Audi Company in Malaysia such as Audi Centre Glenmarie, Audi Juru, Audi Johor Bahruand so on. These services will add up the customers satisfaction with the brand of Audi and increase in brand positioning. 2.1.2 Major brand strategy decision Brand Positioning The Audi slogan is VorsprungdurchTechnik, which means the Progress through Technology. Audi is using the German language tagline as many other country used it such as European countries and United Kingdom. Recently, Audi had updated the slogan into Truth in Engineering. Audi is place in the product benefit because Audi automobiles want to provide the most authentic, truthful driving experience in the luxury segment through their slogan. Brand Name Selection The company name is based on the surname of the founder August Horch, the name itself an English similar with the English word hark, meaning listen.Audi is known as the good brand name selection because it can translate easily into foreign languages and distinctive from other brands. The brand name also easy to pronounce, recognize and remember in the world. Brand Sponsorship Audi is consider as manufacturers brands that also call national brands in the brand sponsorship. This is because Audi sell their output under their own manufacturers brand names. For example, the spare parts of all the Audi car can obtain it from German Motors in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Brand Development We consider Audi company is using line extension strategy which means existing product and brand for the brand development. Line extension occur when a company introduced additional product in a given product category under the same brand name into the new forms, colours, sizes, ingredients, or flavour of an existing product category. For example, existing Audi S1 is upgrade to Audi S2 and Audi S3 which have a better and advanced performance. Audi S3 thats been tuned by TS Racing. This race car that not only packs an aerodynamic kit, but it was tuned specifically for racing purposes. The kit includes a front splitter, modified bumpers, a rear diffuser, extended wheel arches, and a roof-mounted scoop. 2.2 PRICING STRATEGY Narrowly, price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. Broadly, price is the sum of all the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service. 2.2.1 Factors affecting pricing decisions Audi is using cost- based pricing method. Audi added a standard makeup to the cost of the product. It is a simplify pricing, which is based on the cost. It is also fairer to both sellers and buyers as the price set is reasonable. Audi is under oligopolistic competition but not monopolistic competition because there are only few companies those producing automobiles such as Mercedes Benz, Porsche, and BMW in Germany. Audi car is a differentiated product. Customers can easily differentiate Audi from the other brands. This is because of the unique logo of Audi which in four rings. The high quality products produced by Audi have developed a very clear image of technology in the minds of their target customers. Besides, Oligopolistic competition market has high barriers to entry. Therefore, Audi is able to earn economic profit in both short run and long run. Audi is price maker which has the power to set its own price. However, it has to be aware of the actions of the others because it is mutual interdependence. Audi shapes its policies with an eye to the policies of the competitors such as Mercedes Benz and BMW. Audi has to observe the actions of them from time to time because the actions of Audis competitors wil l affect Audis profit. Audi spends a large amount of money in advertising to convince customers. 2.2.2 New Product pricing strategies Audi practised market penetration pricing when the new product was introduced in the market. Market penetration pricing is a quick- entry price strategy that assumes low price will gain high sales volume which will result in lowering costs. It set a low initial price which is lower than the eventual market price in order for the brand to penetrate the market quickly and deeply. By using this method, Audi expect to attract a large number of buyers quickly to the new brand as the product demand is highly price elastic. It also assumed that the lowers price will win market share. Once the marker share is gained, the price of Audi will be raised. 2.2.3 Product Mix Pricing Strategies Product line pricing is a pricing strategy used to sell different products in the same product range at different prices based on features or benefits. In another words, it is when a company must decide the price differences between the upgrade of the product or service. Audi has different type of model of car.The purpose of using these strategies is to maximize the profit of the company. For example, there is a huge range price different between Audi S3 and Audi TT. 2.2.4 Price Adjustment Strategies Discount and allowance pricing reduces the product prices to reward customers responses. Discount can be classified in to cash, quantity, functional and seasonal whereas allowances can be divided into trade-in and also promotional. For example, the Audi buyers can get the spare part from Germany Motor located in Petaling Jaya that comes with rebates and warranties. Dynamic pricing is known as time-based pricing or third-degree price discrimination. It occurs when consumers are divided into two or more groups with separate demand curves, and different prices are charged to each group. When done successfully, price discrimination practices like this enables the firm to capture more consumer surplus and thus, increase the profit of a firm. Dynamic pricing adjust the prices continually to meet the characteristics and needs of individual customers and situations. Wide range of goods would be priced according to what the market will bear. If the demands of Audi car increase, the price of it will decrease, vice versa. The location pricing has a different price for different location or sitting arrangement. Audi car will be priced higher in Malaysia due to the location and high government import taxes. 2.3 PLACE STRATEGY 2.3.1 Market Channels/ Distribution Channels Market distribution channel is a system of market institutions that enhances the physical flow of goods and services, along with ownership title, from producer to consumer or business user. Audi is promoting their products by using indirect sales marketing channel. Audi is performing as producer only so it needs other channels like retailers and wholesalers in order to facilitate the exchange process by cutting down the number of contacts necessary. The intermediaries will also help Audi to promote their products to the final consumers with the help of intermediary, Audi manage to focus on produce innovative products rather than busy on promoting their products. 2.3.2 Retailing/ Wholesaling Among the sales channel, Audi is using wholesaler channel to promote their products to the consumers. Wholesaling is known as all activities involved in selling goods and services to those buying for resale or business use. Since Audi is the company that involve in manufacturing products only, so it needs to undergo wholesaling process to promote their products by using developing and spreading persuasive communications. Therefore, Audi has form a strong wholesaling base to promote to the final customers and it need to grasp the real issues facing the wholesalers in order to implement the appropriate growth measures. With the strong wholesaler channel, Audi will able to focus on their innovation for products to keep competing in such high competitive market since this market is known as oligopolistic competition. 2.4 PROMOTION STRATEGIES Audi Company is playing its role very well in the marketing promotional activities through the concept of integrated marketing communications. Audi Company is using a multifaceted promotion mix as its tools to increase the sales of its car and also achieve a higher performance. Those promotional activities of Audi Company are trying their best to attract consumers attention and to make communication with them in order to reach them in a coordinated manner through integrated marketing communication. 2.4.1 Direct Marketing One of the elements in Audi Companys integrated promotional mix is direct marketing. It is offering a very special surrounding for its consumers to make them feeling good in all the way of purchasing their new expectative cars. After stepped in the Customer Center, consumers will be welcomed by Audi Companys staffs and they will consult with the consumer to plan their schedule for the day according to the objective they want to do. The schedule will be included a highlight activities, factory tour. The tour guide will show them how to produce the Audi Cars by using advance technology and accuracy workmanship way. Another highlight activity is visit to Audi shop and Audi museum shop. Audi shop stocks top-quality branded goods and up market lifestyle articles. In the Audi museum shop you are able to browse all the attractive tradition collection and a range of model historical cars are stored in it. At the end of the day that is the moment of the consumers to pick up their new car. 2.4.2 Sales Promotion There is a sales promotion conducted by Audi Company is called as Happy Anniversary and Happy Oktoberfest. This program is available for all the range of the Audi owners. To let more consumers join for this program, Audi Company has provided all the styles, sophistication and performance of its cars in the exceptional prices. Furthermore, consumers also able to test-drive an Audi of their choice to discover which Audi are suitable for them. 2.4.3 Public Relations Public relations refer to a firms communications and relationships with all types of its customers, such as publics. A very good news which is bring from Audi Company is that Audi will organizes the INI and HIN events, which serve as an education forum for everyone. And the INI.JUGEND.KOLLEG and the HIN.JUGEND.KOLLEG is just focus on the youth which are talented and interested in the promotion of technologies. During the series of the events, those participants will gain an opportunity to discuss and obtain some information about the current social and technical topics. A clear and accessible of the knowledge will be brought by a team of well-known speakers from Audi partner universities. With it, Audi Company is able to get more employed with young talent. At the same times, it can gain a good image from its customers and stronger its Brand Name throughout the country or the world. 2.4.4 Product Placement Another promotional mix element using by Audi Company is product placement. It is a non-personal selling marketing strategy. This approach is not only a lower cost-spending but also a very efficient way to gain more patron exposure to the users. Recently, Audi Company is using this approach by launching a free iPhone game which is called A4 Driving Challenge 2.0. By choosing iPhone to expend Audi Companys customer flows as iPhone has gain a high performance of sales in the market segmentations from upper-upper to upper-lower. Audi Company is just a newest brand in using this non-traditional selling method in order to extend sales and to draw in more future clients as well. 2.4.5 Official Web Site On the other hand, it is a new trend that all companies will use advance technology to connect with their existing or incoming customers like social wed site or their own official web site. Same as other company does, Audi Company also having their own official web site which is http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en.html. By browsing their pages, customers are able to obtain latest information, latest improvement and whether there is any latest new product is introduced into market. If consumers are wish to buy a new Audi, there is a fast and convenient way to check in the website, it has uploaded a list of details for all types of the Audi. Chapter 3: Analysis of Market Opportunities 3.1 Technological Opportunities One such opportunity in the future was the concept of a hybrid car that was first introduced in the 90s by Toyota. It would be a great technological opportunity for Audi to explore this as it would be perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future. The meaning of hybrid car, as quoted by Jeffrey Orloff (2007), is a vehicle that uses an on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fuel based power source for vehicle propulsion. These vehicles useless fuel than their counterparts and produce fewer emissions. Hybrid vehicles recharge their batteries by capturing kinetic energy through regenerative braking. Some hybrids use the combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning a generator to either recharge the battery or directly feed power to an electric motor that drives the vehicle. This takes place when cruising or in other situations where just light thrust is needed.Besides technology, several other environmental factors will also be discussed o n how it presented such an opportunity for Audi AG and on how Audi could affect those environment. Although there is now in existence of many hybrid cars that are successful like Prius or Tesla, but none has dared to produce an elite and luxurious hybrid car which is currently being developed by Audi AG. Such an innovation could help Audi to dominate the automotive market for the next 25 years as quoted by the company because it would give them a great competitive edge. So far, Audi has developed 3 hybrid concept car which are Audi e-tron, Audi e-tronSpyder and Audi A8 Hybrid. Each of those cars are being researched independently in several workshops that follows on the new hybrid technologies like full hybrid, plug-in hybrid and parallel hybrid respectively. Besides, Audi also monitors all other innovation for a competitive advantage for example new alternative fuels called cellulosic ethanol for the hybrids or even Quattro drive system in correspondent to hybrid technology. With all technology combined and utilized with maximum effectiveness, it helps Audi to address not only th e social concerns but also the economic concerns in the market environment. Focusing on Audi, their hybrid concept cars in the future market is able rival all luxurious sports car and luxury cars existed in the market now.Audi will embrace this opportunity and continue to advance in it technologically by making better hybrid cars and would eventually help pave the way for a more advanced environmentally friendly technology. As quoted in a CNN article by Phil OSullivan (2004), In the future we see this (hybrid cars) as an interim technology. In the future long-term fuel cells (may be) the best alternative. 3.2 Social Market Opportunities Besides, Audi also seeks opportunities in the social of the Asian market as Asian market is new and having vast development in automobile industry. The new emerging markets of Asian markets, especially China and India, are huge opportunities for Audi. By 2015, the Audi Indian car sale is estimated to be reaching more than $40 billion. In China figures indicate that sales will be in excess of 250,000 million vehicles in a similar period of time.The car sales in both of these countries are growing, as people in these countries are getting wealthier and more discerning, they need more high-class brands such as Audi. According to MrMichealPerschke, Head, Audi India, the young generation, especially those who return from overseas, want more and their fathers are handling over the reins of business a lot faster, unlike the past, todays global Indians have different mindset. This kind of mind- set has made India a potential market for Audi to expand their market, giving them the opportunity to be the leader in automobile industry. Another reason for Audi to choose China and India as their target market to expand their automobile industry: China and India are countries which have the most population of people, hence, providing them a great source of labor force, and, the cost of production is much cheaper than in Europe countries because the cost of labor force is much cheaper. China and India have provided a great market opportunity for Audi, as the level of living in these countries is getting higher, thus increasing the demand of luxury cars, and also, people in these countries are able to provide Audi a great source of labor which could enhance the production. Chapter 4: Recommendations 4.1 The electro rheological (ER) fluids used in the hybrid cars engine require high voltage to operate, that is, the breakdown voltage of air is 3kV/mm. Audi can modify the ER fluid, by using different combination of electrodes which can reduce the voltage requirement of ER fluidto function. Suspension, which particles may tend to clump or settle, is also one of the major problems of using ER fluid in hybrid vehicles. Audi can tackle this problem by matching the density of the solid and liquid particles in the components, to ensure the effectiveness of the operation. Or, Audi can use nanotechnology-the nanoparticles, which the particles are very tiny in size, hence, reducing the suspension. To overcome the problem of settlement of particles in the engine, Audi can add lubricant to enhance to lubricity of the engine, which can help to discourage the gravitational settling and promote particle suspense. Lubricant helps to reduce friction, thus, enhancing the smoothness of operation, modify ing the viscosity and inhibiting wear, improving the problem of suspension. 4.2 Next, it could be considered a right choice for Audi to expand its production in China and India because the labour cost in those potentially developing countries is much lower compare to its original country. However, low labour cost might affect the production of the company. A low wage paid to a worker would discourage a worker to put in effort to do his part perfectly. Audi can prevent this problem by increasing the wages or maybe give bonus to its workers who show their initiative to perform well in their job. It would not be a wise decision to have a great number of unskilled or unknowledgeable workers in an operation. Hence, it is suggested that, Audi chooses its crew wisely. Choose skilful and knowledgeable people to join the crew through a careful interview. Otherwise, provide training to those unskilled workers, or provide time- to- time skill- up courses and practical training, so that the workers are equipped with relevant and up- to- date knowledge and skills. Besides, t he Board of Directors has to do its duty checking the employees from time to time, distinguish the problem faced by employees and company, so that improvements can be made to ensure the quality of production is maintained. 4.3 There is a research shows that Asia countries, especially India is a highly potential developing country, as it attracts many international investors to invest in the country, meaning India has potential to become a high class country. This means that people in India will be able to owe luxury cars like Audi in future. However, presently the purchasing power for luxury goods of people in the country is still limited. Actually, Audi can refer to this present situation, come out with the concept of producing low cost cars or ordinary cars, to meet the needs of people in the countries. In this case, people with less income will be also able to own a car themselves. This will not only expand the market and increase the income of the company;it is also beneficial to the people who are having a moderate income. Chapter 5: Conclusion In my opinion, I think the current marketing mix which Audi has, is satisfactory to customer needs. Because for a new or potential customer, Audi will offer free test drive for the customer and to make sure there are satisfy with their product. On the other hand, customer also can easily to obtain latest information from the website. Because Audi Company having their own official web site which is www.audi.com/com/brand/en.html. In providing a wide range of products and with high quality, Audi has by far influenced most of the customers perception favorably towards its products. From time the company was created till now, the quality of the products that Audi offers is improving each year. But the well-known car that less frequently bought by the consumers because the price is too expensive which is within the range of RM 179,900 to RM 1250,000. The price will expensive is because Audi do price comparison with other car in the market with their main competitors which are BMW and Mercedes-Benz. And it is a branded product that having mass advertisement in magazines, television and personal selling by reseller and producer in order to convince consumers to buy it and remind the consumer about their product in the market. Even though the prices imposed by Audi seems to be fair with consideration of the quality of the products offered. The only problem is that, Audi has priced its products too expensively for a middle or lower class customer to afford to buy those products. Apart from that Audi has targeted its market mainly to urban customers as are the only customers who can afford such expensive products. In my opinion, I think Audi has to create also some of low end products with low prices which can be affordable to low income users. As I have mentioned above, In the case of place (distribution), Audi is using wholesaler channel to promote their products to the consumers. With the Audi have strong wholesaler channel, it will able to focus on their innovation for products to keep competing in such high competitive market since this market is known as oligopolistic competition.

Rock And Roll In The 1950s

Rock And Roll In The 1950s Rock and roll set the cultural standard of a generation. The components which comprised the landscape of modern life, and in particular American life, in the 1950s provided not only the backdrop but the impetus for the development of rock and roll and its impact on society. Rigid social rules enforced on a younger generation with more time and money on its hands than ever before sparked a flame of rebellion that threatened to burn traditional social conventions to the ground. It was these factors which constructed the framework for the renovation of social mores that began in the 1950s and drastically changed the social order of the 1960s and beyond. The music which came into being during the second half of the 20th century reflected the dualistic consciousness of the battle between constraint and rebellion which was fought by the youth of the times (Weinstein 94). An understanding of the beginnings of this battleground must start with a look at the nature of the society that preceded it. At the beginning of the 20th century, teenagers and young adults were not thought of as a separate societal group known as youth. Youth was simply a transitional period between childhood and adulthood (Weinstein 94). It was common for young people to be engaged in full-time work before they were old enough to be sexually mature. Post-World War II affluence coupled with changes in labor laws and a need for a better-educated work force meant that young people entered the labor market later and had more free time. Rather than working to help support their families, teenagers spent the money they earned (or got from their parents) on themselves. The post-war economy gave teenagers more disposable income than any previous generation had enjoyed (McDonald 85). Rather than thinking of their youth as a time of training to become productive members of society, many young people began seeing it as a time to live hedonistically for the moment and to rebel against assertions of adult authority (Weinstein 94). Perhaps the most emblematic aspect of this societal segment was its music, which was first known as rock and roll, then merely as rock, and later developed into a bewildering array of different types of rock (Weinstein 91). Rock and roll did not spontaneously generate from nothing as a wholly new art form. Rather, it was a hybrid of blues, dance-oriented rhythm and blues, and country, or hillbilly music (Hill 43). Rockabilly evolved in the mid-fifties, as a white southern fusion of country music, blues, gospel, and rhythm and blues, and provided the musical catalyst which allowed many white musicians to break free of the boundaries of traditional country music and move on to early rock and roll (Friedlander 16). Although the various types of blues and country music were gaining in popularity by the early 1950s, it would not be considered wholly proper for a cultured, urban, middle-class white teenager to listen to or, especially, to dance to this type of music (Hill 43). The pulsating beat of this type of music, and the rock and roll it was evolving into, made it particularly appealing to youth-and appalling to adults. The forbidden nature of this race- and class-specific music made it more compelling than mainstream, white music. It is important to remember that society in the 1950s was very rigidly controlled by the same mind-sets that allowed McCarthyism to take root. Racial segregation and sexual repression were a fact of the 1950s (McDonald 95). Young people living in that most proper decade were yearning to break free, and rock and roll music provided that outlet (Hill 45). Rock and roll music was considered nothing less than culturally subversive by the older, power-wielding generation because it allowed white, middle-class youth to mingle with and be influenced by improper elements such as Negroes and poor white trash (Hill 51). Rock and roll scandalized many white people. The scandal was that white adolescents were adopting black cultural styles and black heroes. This was miscegenation, racial mixing, and was seen as a rebellious act against the dominant group (Weinstein 95). The beat of rock and roll, which made it so danceable, was nothing less than the savage and primitive rhythm of darkest Africa invoking the beat of sexual intercourse (Hill 47). So powerful was the music on the malleable minds of youth that some even considered rock and roll a new form of mind control with dangerous affinities to fascism (Hill 47). This market-driven Negrification of white youth that the new strains of music invoked frightened many of the older generation, who d id what they could to stifle it. Attempts were made to placate the youthful thirst for rock and roll by having white singers like Pat Boone cover the most popular songs, but the driving beat of true rock and roll could not be stopped (Hill 49). A major contributor which allowed rock and roll to sweep the country like an unrelenting tidal wave was the advent of television. The FCC had blocked television licenses for a time due to concerns over technical problems, but in 1952 began granting them again. When television took over almost all the comedy and variety programming that had been the purview of radio, radio stations found themselves with hours of programming to fill-and a new genre of music to fill them with (Curtis 42). Conservative, middle-class parents saw this new kind of music as a threat to their social domination and way of life (Hill 54). No single person exemplified this threat more than Elvis Presley. Elvis was the antithesis of the Pat Boone crowd, a rebel from a poor, working-class family. He was considered both culturally and politically dangerous; his conduct, dress, and music challenged traditional notions of class and race, and arguably, even gender as well (Hill 55). To some, Elviss wild, grinding, abandoned hip movements . . . were reminders of the old spectacular presentations of female sex, like that of a burlesque show (Hill 55). In Elviss first television appearance on the Milton Berle Show, his dancing gyrations caused a public outcry. His next scheduled television appearance, on the Steve Allen Show, was only saved by the instigation of a plan to thwart the offensive hip movements: he sang Hound Dog dressed in formal tails and sang to a basset hound (Shumway 126). When he appeared on the Ed Sullivan television show later that year, he was shown only from the waist up, per Sullivans edict. Elvis seemed to epitomize the idea that rock and roll had sexualized teenagers, causing them to become addicted to the pleasures of the body. Rock and roll seemed to do away with inhibitions and provoke a sort of erotic vandalism (Altschuler 67). In the 1960s, the original rock and roll music of Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Elvis Presley began to evolve into the rock music of the Beatles, Kinks and Rolling Stones (Weinstein 96). By the late 1960s, rock music had begun to develop a social conscience (McDonald 85). Songwriters like Bob Dylan and Lennon and McCartney started to write about social issues such as war, the economy, politics, and feminism. Rock and roll had moved from the music of teenage rebellion to the music of the masses (McDonald 85). Advocating the use of mind-altering drugs and opposing the governments military policies became the youthful rebellion of that decade (Weinstein 95). It was during this time that teenagers were transformed into youth' (Weinstein 96). The distinction between the two is not just a matter of semantics. Young people began to become conscious of themselves as actors on the world stage, aware that their social consciousness wielded a power of its own. The baby boom generation was beginning to attend college, where the free speech movement turned into the youth-based anti-Vietnam War movement (Weinstein 96). The civil rights movement and the assassinations of the Kennedys and Martin Luther King, Jr. also contributed to the transformation of consciousness of the eras youth. These events affected the type of rock music that was being created, as singer-songwriters like Bob Dylan and Barry McGuire voiced the political objections of a generation. A backlash of social repression against political demonstrations by young people had a dampening effect on the use of protest as a power tool. The riot in Chicago at the 1968 Democratic national presidential convention and the killing of student protestors by the Ohio National Guard at Kent State University may have contributed to a greater tendency on the part of youth to delve into psychological and spiritual journeys with the aid of drugs, rather than seeking social change on the front lines of demonstrations (Weinstein 96). The lyrics to rock songs would often promote these inner pursuits of the drug-assisted mind, while a particular sub-genre, psychedelic rock, was used to enhance the hallucinatory experience. The raw, raucous exuberance of 1950s rock and roll still existed in various manifestations of rock music, but it had also split off into other types of music with a much quieter, more introspective, form of rebellion. It was arguably the rigid nature of the social structure of the 1950s which instigated its own destruction. It may be inherent within the youthful spirit to rebel against whatever restraints the older generation imposes. However, the rigidity of the mid-20th-century middle class mindset, combined with a newfound post-war affluence, set the stage for major social change, and the soundtrack to that change was rock and roll. Without the convention-shattering impact of 1950s rock and roll on societal expectations, the enormous social upheavals of the 1960s might never have come about, or at least, might have occurred decades later. The wild abandon of rock and rolls youthful enthusiasm opened doors of class, race, and gender that had never been opened before, paving the way to a complete reshaping of social interaction.

Police Moonlight Essay -- Ethical Issus, Conflict of Interest

A global problem Police moonlighting is not just a problem in the United States. Moonlighting is severally restricted or prohibited in Australia, England and Japan. It however is fairly common in one form or another in Canada and the USA (Bayley 1996). Under Russian law, police are permitted to engage in only very limited outside employment. Under the Law of the Militia, permitted occupations are limited to those connected to teaching, research and the arts. One study of officers in Russia found that 49% of the over two thousand surveyed stated that they engaged in some type of outside work in their off hours. Eighteen percent also reported engaging in other work during their on-duty hours. Nearly all officers were engaging in work that is prohibited by the Law of the Militia. Most were working in some form of private security while off-duty. Almost half were working in transportation services off-duty and approximately 30 percent were working in retail/wholesale. Slightly under half reported working as private security during the hours in which they were employed as police officers. Low wages were described as the primary reason for taking additional employment. There was an average 72 percent increase in officer's monthly income as a result of their additional employment (Wilson, et al. 2008). Slovenia forbids police officers from moonlighting in functions that overlap with those of police such as for private security companies or private detectives. Though illegal moonlighting was not observed by Sotlar and MeÃ… ¡ko, they suspect that it is occurring as it does in other countries with similarly restrictive policies (Sotlar & MeÃ… ¡ko 2009). Similarly in Brazil, Police moonlighting is prohibited by law, though it commonly occur... ...and public safety Moonlighting can prove to be a serious threat to officer safety. With fewer resources and increased fatigue, officers may be at greater risk for serious injury. Many officers are killed while moonlighting as private security (AIMS 1991). According to Brazil military statistics, the majority of military police killed in Brazil, were killed while moonlighting (Macaulay 2007). About nine percent of officers killed in the past decade in the USA were killed while off-duty. Though the report does not specify the officer's function beyond their status as off-duty, based upon the reported circumstance of the officer's death, thirty five cases could conceivable have occurred while moonlighting (FBI 2011). A search of the The Officer Down Memorial Page finds 61 deaths over the past few decades that occurred while the officer was moonlighting (ODMP 2011). Police Moonlight Essay -- Ethical Issus, Conflict of Interest A global problem Police moonlighting is not just a problem in the United States. Moonlighting is severally restricted or prohibited in Australia, England and Japan. It however is fairly common in one form or another in Canada and the USA (Bayley 1996). Under Russian law, police are permitted to engage in only very limited outside employment. Under the Law of the Militia, permitted occupations are limited to those connected to teaching, research and the arts. One study of officers in Russia found that 49% of the over two thousand surveyed stated that they engaged in some type of outside work in their off hours. Eighteen percent also reported engaging in other work during their on-duty hours. Nearly all officers were engaging in work that is prohibited by the Law of the Militia. Most were working in some form of private security while off-duty. Almost half were working in transportation services off-duty and approximately 30 percent were working in retail/wholesale. Slightly under half reported working as private security during the hours in which they were employed as police officers. Low wages were described as the primary reason for taking additional employment. There was an average 72 percent increase in officer's monthly income as a result of their additional employment (Wilson, et al. 2008). Slovenia forbids police officers from moonlighting in functions that overlap with those of police such as for private security companies or private detectives. Though illegal moonlighting was not observed by Sotlar and MeÃ… ¡ko, they suspect that it is occurring as it does in other countries with similarly restrictive policies (Sotlar & MeÃ… ¡ko 2009). Similarly in Brazil, Police moonlighting is prohibited by law, though it commonly occur... ...and public safety Moonlighting can prove to be a serious threat to officer safety. With fewer resources and increased fatigue, officers may be at greater risk for serious injury. Many officers are killed while moonlighting as private security (AIMS 1991). According to Brazil military statistics, the majority of military police killed in Brazil, were killed while moonlighting (Macaulay 2007). About nine percent of officers killed in the past decade in the USA were killed while off-duty. Though the report does not specify the officer's function beyond their status as off-duty, based upon the reported circumstance of the officer's death, thirty five cases could conceivable have occurred while moonlighting (FBI 2011). A search of the The Officer Down Memorial Page finds 61 deaths over the past few decades that occurred while the officer was moonlighting (ODMP 2011).

Emerging From Claustrophobia Essay -- Crime and Punishment Amerika Ess

Emerging From Claustrophobia The Bible's notion of the "promised land" has had a profound influence on secular literature. Modern authors have reinterpreted this biblical ideal to include any land of redemption or salvation. This is an important concept in both Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment and Kafka's Amerika. While these novels present very different images of the Promised Land, both focus on the protagonist's sense of claustrophobia until the moment of deliverance. Thus, whether their deliverance is mental or physical, both protagonists' salvations lay ultimately in a sense of spatial freedom. Amerika begins with a corrupted ideal of America as the land of redemption. Karl goes abroad because he has inadvertently impregnated a servant; he is sent away to escape from paternity charges and his societal sin. Parallels can be drawn between Karl and the biblical Joseph, who also must leave his home because he is similarly blamed for an older woman's sexual advances. When Karl arrives in America, he is greeted by a bright light: "a sudden burst of sunshine seemed to illumine the Statue of Liberty, so that he saw it in a new light. (3)" This can be likened to the Israelites' exodus, which is guided by a pillar of fire: "And the Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way; and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light. (Exodus 13:21)" However, a crucial difference between the biblical guiding light and Kafka's is that, despite its brilliance, the latter illuminates a foreboding entrance---the Statue of Liberty holds a sword instead of a torch. Despite this detail, America, for the moment, remains a landscape of freedom: "The arm with the sword rose up as if newly stretched aloft, and round... ...skolnikov attain spatial freedom from their claustrophobic lives. Of course, we cannot be sure that Oklahoma will be the promised land Karl expects, since Kafka never finished the novel, but the imagery of limitless landscapes that we are left with suggests that Karl's quest will soon come to fruition. Like the Jews leaving Egypt, Karl leaves a land of slave labor for unknown but promising territory. Raskolnikov, however, knows where he is headed but has trouble getting there. The moment of his confession and his realization of love finally allow him access to redemption, and as his delirious and guilt-ridden persona dies, one of love and "gradual regeneration (465)" is created. Like the gospels preach, confession purges one's sins and leads to renewal; thus Raskolnikov, despite being physically imprisoned, is emotionally redeemed and can now strive for a new life.

The differences between the migration of the internal Chinese migration compared to the international migration of the Poles to UK

In discussing the differences between the migration of the internal Chinese migration compared to the international migration of the Poles to UK, I will look at a variety of push and pull factors. I will then go on to look at the impacts to both the area from which these immigrants left as well as the area that they went to. Firstly I will discuss the push and pull factors relating to the immigration seen internally in China. The migration is voluntary and from rural villages (where there is very little employment and a poor standard of living) to the constantly expanding big cities such as Shanghai. It is important to point at that this is nearly always a temporary migration as the migrants generally have the intent to return within a few months. The migration is of working aged adults who leave their children in the rural villages being looked after by the grandparents. The main reason for this migration is certainly an economic reason. There is nearly always work in cities such as Shanghai in areas such as building and working in factories. The jobs pay very badly and working conditions can be poor. The reason for leaving there children to work in this environment is in the aim of getting a better quality of life for them and their children. It is easily arguable that this is the main economic reason that not they themselves benefit from the migration but their children. I will now go through the Polish migration to the UK. This was an international and voluntary migration. Like the Chinese migration the reasons are mainly economic. However in contrast people do have jobs in Poland however wages are very low and people want to raise their standard of living. More money can be made in better conditions and less time in British jobs. The difference is so great that people the Polish workforce in Britain are often overqualified for the jobs that they obtain and are still paid more than they would be in jobs they are qualified for back in the UK. Also similar to the migration seen in China the Poles want their children to lead a better life from the move. However their goals differ slightly in that the Poles aim for their children to lead a more materialistic life from the migration. EU freedom to migrate and get work acts as a pull factor. This is due to the simplicity of the move. It also means that people are more likely to get work and not be discriminated against. Towns with a history of locals excepting migrants (such as Peterborough) mean that people are more inclined to move as they do not have a great fear of prejudice. The most obvious affect that the migration in China has on the areas from which the migrants left from is that children left with grandparents which in turn means that the dependency rate is extremely high. Money is sent back to these villages from the parents however they visit back home to these villages relatively rarely. On returning to the villages the parents will often bring goods such as TVs and they often bring fireworks to celebrate their return. So to a certain extent their goal to improve the quality of lives for their children is achieved. In contrast the impact in Gdansk was that women had many more opportunities to work due to the lack of males in the population. The country now has much more migrant Labour from countries like Korea and Lithuania to help with the lack of a workforce in Poland. Poland are now sending officials to the UK in and attempt to bring people Polish people back to places in Poland such as Gdansk. In looking at the impacts on the countries receiving the migrants in China it is clear to see that overcrowding is a major problem in cities such as Shanghai. An underclass seems to be developing in the major urban areas of poor illegitimate workers with a lack of options and without a real chance of their situation changing any time soon. Discrimination is also apparent in the Cities due to the local workers not willing to be paid what the migrant workforces are. However the cities are expanding extremely quickly and this is simply due to the cost of the manual labour. With the Polish migration many more police are certain school workers have to be bilingual. The Poles do contribute to the economy in the UK as they pay tax and often open shops or businesses which can employ British people. Many industries are now reliant on the migrant workforce such as Stanford Stands simply due to the cost and often efficiency.

Brain surgery and brain disorders

The encephalon may be the most of import portion of the organic structure, excepting the bosom. Without the encephalon the homo could non execute normal actions that differentiate worlds from other animate beings. Problem work outing and holding the capacity to ground are a twosome of illustration of this. Without the encephalon we could non walk, talk, hear, touch, or odor. The encephalon is astonishing in its ain manner because it has the ability to modify nervous connexions to better get by with new fortunes, which is defined as encephalon malleability. To better specify this, people use encephalon malleability when they have half their encephalon removed by surgery, to populate with one half of the encephalon. The encephalon will hold to take acquisition of anything wholly otherwise because it has this ability. Peoples who have encephalon tumours removed learn otherwise but merely every bit good due to malleability and are besides based on the upset and location of the surgery The encephalon is divided in hemispheres ( right and left ) and so into lobes. The chief lobes are the frontal lobes, temporal lobe, occipital, and parietal. The frontal lobe has to make with higher thought and has the ability to acknowledge future effects ensuing from current actions. The temporal lobe trades with the audile portion of the encephalon, besides known as hearing. The occipital lobe is the ocular processing centre of the encephalon. The parietal lobe ‘s map is process esthesis and perceptual experience. Of these lobes, there are so many different parts that the lobes are divided into. Learning mainly trades with the prefrontal cerebral mantle, intellectual cerebral mantle, striate body, amygdaloid nucleus, and the hippocampus. From these, the hippocampus plays an of import function in long-run memory and spacial pilotage. These parts form a system of cognitive memory. It besides forms a system of behavior memory, which is supported by the amygdaloid nucleus, stria te body, and the cerebellum. Our ability to larn and consciously retrieve mundane facts is called declaratory memory. When 1 has new experiences, information ab initio enters the on the job memory, a impermanent signifier of declaratory memory. Surveies on animate beings have shown that nerve cells in the prefrontal cerebral mantle maintain relevant information during working memory and can unite different sorts of centripetal information when required. To better understand how the encephalon accomplishes larning and memory, one must understand the narrative of a individual known by his initials, H.M. H.M. as a really immature male child developed terrible epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological upset characterized by recurrent motiveless ictuss. He received surgical intervention which involved the remotion of the median part ( in-between ) of the temporal lobe which in bend alleviated him of his ictuss. He now has terrible memory loss and can merely retrieve recent events for a few proceedingss and can non organize any memories of new experiences. Despite all of this, he can retrieve his childhood really good. From observations recorded of this, research workers concluded that the median part of the temporal lobe every bit good as the hippocampus play an of import function in change overing short term memories. Harmonizing to a survey in an article entitled â€Å" Mathematically talented kids: developmental encephalon features and their forecast for wellbeing † by Michael W. O'Boyle, patients who received encephalon surgery have seen consequences that to some may look dry. The right hemisphere controls the originative side in the human organic structure. The left hemisphere controls the logic side. Yet in this research, people who have tumor removed in their right hemisphere be given to be more originative than those of regular encephalons. Understanding the cause of the encephalon tumour may assist scientist and physicians likewise diagnose tumours in the hereafter without scans or biopsies. As of now the cause of primary encephalon tumours are unknown because they are rare, there are many types, and there are many possible hazard factors that could play a function in the visual aspect of the tumour. Some familial conditions increase the hazard of encephalon tumours, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Turcot syndrome. Tumors occur at any age, but many specific tumours have a peculiar age group in which they are most common. Testing for encephalon tumours may be most effectual when 1 shows symptoms but the physician is non 100 % certain about naming it as a encephalon tumour. Several types of trial may corroborate the presence of a encephalon tumour and place the location. The trial may be one of the followers: CT scan of the caput, EEG, CT-guided biopsy, scrutiny of intellectual spinal fluid, and MRI of the caput. On the right is the illustration of encephalon mestasis after the CT scan. Treatment of the encephalon tumour may affect surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment besides depends on the size, location, type of tumour, and general wellness of the patient. Goals of intervention are non ever the remedy of the tumours. Other ends may include alleviating symptoms and bettering encephalon map or the individual ‘s comfort. Obviously, surgery is necessary for most primary encephalon tumours. Some tumours may hold the ability to be wholly removed. Others deep inside the encephalon m ay be debulked, surgically taking portion of a malignant tumour, which can non be wholly removed. Complications of the remotion may include loss of the ability to interact or map, return of tumour growing, increased side effects of medicines which include chemotherapy, and increased side effects of radiation interventions Memory can be defined as the cognitive procedures whereby past experiences are retained and recalled. Memories can besides be divided up into many subdivisions. The most common 1s are the short-run and long term memories. There is besides one more in that fits in the general subdivisions of memories, which would be the centripetal registry. The centripetal registry is non thought of frequently but entails retaining information in a extremely accurate manner until new information of stimulation is present. Although this type of memory can take in a batch, the keeping of this is minimum ( up to ? 2nd for ocular memory and 2 seconds for audile memory ) . Memory does play an of import function in larning after encephalon upsets or surgeries. Depending on the location of the encephalon upset, memory may be processed otherwise. Harmonizing to an article entitled â€Å" Epilepsy Study Shows Memory Loss After Brain Surgery † by the web site â€Å" ScienceDaily † , post-surgical epilepsy patients have a important loss in verbal memory. This memory is associated with acquisition, callback, and acknowledgment. The article goes on to state that after three months, patients with surgery performed on either the right or left hemisphere showed marks of epilepsy. This ab initio was thought to be the consequence of the injury of surgery. However, 12 months subsequently 30-50 % of those patients who experienced surgery to the left temporal lobe showed no recovery of verbal memory, while patients who had surgery on the right side of their encephalon regained their memory. â€Å" Brain Surgery Boosts Memory For Parkinson ‘s Patients, University of Florida Research Shows † besides by â€Å" ScienceDaily † describes how people with Parkinson ‘s Disease are holding Pallidotomy surgery, which involves preciseness combustion of a little topographic point in the encephalon, provides alleviation for many patients from some of the shudders and musculus stiffness associated with the cardinal nervous system upset. Rehabilitation after the remotion of a encephalon tumour would likely include physical therapy, address therapy, and occupational therapy. Brain tumours and their intervention may do palsy. They may besides do failing and jobs with balance. Physical healers help patients recover strength and balance. Speech therapists aid patients who have problem speech production, showing ideas, or get downing. Occupational healers help patients larn to pull off activities of day-to-day life, such as feeding, utilizing the lavatory, bathing, and dressing. Children with encephalon tumours may hold particular demands. Sometimes kids have coachs in the infirmary or at place. Children who have jobs larning or retrieving what they learn may necessitate coachs or particular categories when and if they return to school. Not all surgery for encephalon tumours is safe. Harmonizing to an article entitled â€Å" Stereotactic Radiosurgery for metastatic encephalon tumours reduces hazards of acquisition and memory jobs: Addition of whole encephalon radiation to intervention regimen consequences in greater acquisition and memory jobs † by â€Å" The Medical News † describes how adding whole encephalon radiation to the Radiosurgery doubles the hazard of developing larning and memory jobs. Eric Chang M.D. depict how physicians are seeking to orient therapies for the specific patient, instead than the antique â€Å" one size fits all † attack. Location is an of import factor in remotion of the encephalon tumour. Brain tumour may non be malignant ( unsafe to wellness ; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growing ) and perchance lethal if the status does non distribute. Symptoms of encephalon tumours besides vary by location every bit good as size. Giliomas, malignant encephalon tumours, let go of the neurotransmitter glutamate at toxic concentrations. This kills off nerve cells in their locality, doing room for the tumour ‘s enlargement. The released glutamate explains ictuss arising from tissue environing the tumour. An spread outing tumour can increase force per unit area within the skull, doing concern, purging, ocular perturbations, and impaired mental operation. Peoples who have encephalon tumours removed are capable to larn merely every bit good as people with â€Å" normal † encephalons due to malleability can besides be based on the upset and location of the surgery. Without research of many, people would non be able to populate with half a encephalon as mentioned before. Research has besides shown that certain types of memory such as verbal memory do play an of import function in larning after encephalon upsets or surgeries. Without engineering progressing many could non hold preciseness combustion of a little topographic point in the encephalon which would assist those with Parkinson ‘s disease. But at the same clip non all encephalon surgeries are safe. Without instruction, people with normal would non cognize the capablenesss of those with encephalon tumours.Work CitedBlackwell Publishing Ltd.. â€Å" Epilepsy Study Shows Memory Loss After Brain Surgery. † ScienceDaily 14 October 2004. 31 October 2009 & A ; lt ; hy pertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/2004/10/041014081055.htm & gt ; .â€Å" Brain tumour – grownups. † Google Health. Google. Web. 03 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //health.google.com/health/ref/Brain+tumor+-+adults & gt ; .â€Å" Brain Tumor Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis Information on MedicineNet.com. † Medicine Net. Web. 01 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/brain_tumor/page9.htm & gt ; .â€Å" Brain tumour – . † Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Web. 04 Nov. 2009. & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_tumor & gt ; .O'Boyle, Michael W. â€Å" Mathematically Talented Children: Developmental Brain Characteristics and Their Prognosis for Well-Being. † ( 2009 ) : 187-95. 7 May 2009. Web. 31 Oct. 2009.Science for Neuroscience. Brain Facts. 8th erectile dysfunction. 2008. Print.University of Florida Hea lth Science Center. â€Å" Brain Surgery Boosts Memory For Parkinson ‘s Patients, University of Florida Research Shows. † ScienceDaily 21 April 1997. 31 October 2009 & A ; lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedaily.com ­ /releases/1997/04/970421134656.htm & gt ; .Wade, Carole, and Carol Tavris. Psychology MyLab Edition ( 9th Edition ) . Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.