An Analysis of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3291 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) was developed primarily by Ross (1976a, 1976b). Indeed, it is a one-period model in which every investor believes that the stochastic properties of returns of capital assets are consistent with a factor structure. The basis of arbitrage pricing theory is the idea that the price of a security is driven by a number of factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of The Arbitrage Pricing Theory" essay for you Create order These can be divided into two groups: macro factors, and company specific factors. The name of the theory comes from the fact that this division. Each F is a separate factor and each ? is a measure of the relationship between the security price and that factor. The APT: Assumptions The APT relies on the following assumptions: Returns are generated according to a linear factor model The number of assets is close to infinite Investors have homogenous expectations Capital markets are perfect (i.e. perfect competition, no transactions costs The APT: Factors Even if, the arbitrage pricing theory does not explicitly state the relevant macro economic factors, they can be empirically constructed. As a matter of fact, it has been observed that the following factors tend to influence the price of the security under consideration: Change in industrial production or GDP. Unanticipated inflation or deflation. Shifts in the Yield Curve Investor confidence measured by surprises in default risk premiums for bonds Changes in oil prices (proxy for price level) The Capital Asset Pricing Model In finance literature, the  capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, if that asset is to be added to an already well-diversified portfolio, given that assets non-diversifiable risk. The model takes into account the assets sensitivity to non-diversifiable risk (also known as systematic risk or market risk), often represented by the quantity beta (?) in the financial industry, as well as the expected return of the market and the expected return of a theoretical risk-free asset. The CAPM, is a model, for pricing an individual security or a portfolio. For the individual securities on the other hand the security market line (SML), The general idea behind CAPM is that investors need to be compensated in two ways: time value of money and risk Based on the Markowitzs mean-variance model, the  CAPM  inherits all the shortcomings of the latter in addition to its own assumptions such as: 1. Inves tors are rational and risk averse. They pursue the only interest of maximizing the expected utility of their end of period wealth. Implication: The model includes the single time horizon for all investors. 2. The markets are perfect, thus taxes, inflation, transaction costs, and short selling restrictions are not taken into account. 3. Investors can borrow and lend unlimited amounts at the risk-free rate 4. All assets are infinitely divisible and perfectly liquid. 5. Investors have homogenous expectations about asset returns. In other words, all investors agree about mean and variance as the only system of market assessment, thus everyone perceives identical opportunity. The information is costless, and all investors receive the same information simultaneously. 6. Asset returns conform to the normal distribution. 7. The markets are in equilibrium, and no individual can affect the price of a security. 8. The total number of assets on the market and their quantiti es are fixed within the defined time frame. The Implications The investors will choose to hold a portfolio of risky assets in proportions of the market portfolio. Market portfolio will be on the efficient frontier and will be the tangency portfolio to the optimal capital line. Hence, the capital market line will be the line from the risk free rate through the market portfolio, M, which is also the best attainable capital allocation line. The risk premium on the market portfolio will be proportional to its risk and the degree of risk aversion of the investor. The risk premium on individual assets will be proportional to the risk premium on the market portfolio, M, and the beta coefficient of the security relative to its market portfolio. The CAPM formula: Ri = Rf + ?i (rm-rf) Whereby Ri is the expected return by CAPM, rf is the risk free rate, rm is the market return and ?i is the risk factor. The security market line Expected return sml Rm Rf beta The SML essentially graphs the results from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) formula. The x-axis represents the risk (beta), and the y-axis represents the expected return. The market risk premium is determined from the slope of the SML. The security market line is a useful tool in determining whether an asset being considered for a portfolio offers a reasonable expected return for risk. Individual securities are plotted on the SML graph. If the securitys risk versus expected return is plotted above the SML, it is undervalued  because the investor can expect a greater return for the inherent risk. A security plotted below the SML  is overvalued  because the investor would be accepting less return for the amount of risk assumed. Capital asset pricing model has the following limitations: It is based on unrealistic assumptions. It is difficult to test the validity of Capital asset pricing model. Betas do not remain s table over time. Empirical Literature Review Empirical tests of APT and CAPM Empirical tests of the APT have been questionable because no two researchers could agree on the value of the coefficients of any of the exogenous variables (Chen 1983, Chen, Roll and Ross 1983, Roll and Ross 1980, Kryzanowski et al 1994). Kryzanowski et al (1994) showed that the explanatory variables are correlated. Hard work to generate orthogonal factors results in one principal factor and APT models that retain multiple explanatory variables are unstable. A closer look at Chen (1983) reveals these aspects of APT research. Chen, a great fan of the APT, reports that he was unable to find any evidence that the APT is not valid. In each case, his null hypothesis was that the APT is valid; and in each case, he was unable to reject this hypothesis. N.Soufian (2001) examined the validity of the CAPM and APT across time during three sub samples for periods (1980-1989 and 1990-1997). This study demonstrated how risk premium, term structure, changes in industrial production affect a verage returns. The assumption of a constant beta is the major difficulty in the empirical support of static CAPM and its factor models when applied across time. It is however clear that the APT is much better behaved than the CAPM. In J Shankens study (1982), the CAPM model, was not found to be testable in a strict sense. Much of this acceptance can be attributed to the persuasive analysis of Roll, who argues that the CAPM, is not testable unless the market portfolio of all assets is used in the studies. The APT of Ross, is viewed as a testable substitute to the CAPM. OTHER EMPIRICAL STUDIES Indeed, over past years the link between macroeconomic variables and stock market returns has been well documented in the finance literature. Several studies depicted that macroeconomic variables influence stock market to a great extent. Numerous interesting results have also been found, but both the academics and the practitioners have not arrived at a consensus on the direction of the causality among these variables, which have at times led to ambiguity in the studies. The vector autoregressive VAR, by Sims (1980), was used to find short run causality between macro economic variables and stock prices. As a result, it was found that macro economic variables do affect stock returns greatly. Darrat and Mukherjee (1987) used a vector autoregressive model on the Indian data over 1948-1984 and showed that a causal relationship do exist between stock returns and macro economic variables. Granger (1986) and Engle and Granger (1987) concluded that the soundness of long term equil ibria between variables can be studied using cointegration methods. In fact, they have been applied to the long run relationship between stock prices and macroeconomic variables in numerous studies. The Johansen (1988), method of testing for the existing of cointegration relationships has become the standard in the econometrics literature. His multivariate cointegration test favored long run equilibrium relationship between financial and real sector. The following papers Fama and French (1989), Schwert (1990) and MacDonald (1997), a significant relationship was gained between stock market returns and changes in macroeconomic variables like the inflation, risk premium, yield curve, interest rates and industrial production. Brown and Otuski (1990) found that crude oil prices, exchange rate, call money rate, residual market error, production index and money supply affect the Japanese stock market and is linked with risk premia. Hamao and Campbell (1992) concluded a smaller positive coefficients for the dividend price ratio and the long short interest rate spread on stock markets returns in Japan relative to the US in a studying a sample casing monthly data from 1971 to 1990. Mukherjee and Naka (1995) test the dynamic relationship between six macroeconomic variables and the Japanese Stock market by using a vector error correction model of seven equations. They found that a long term equilibrium link between the Japanese stock market and macroeconomic variables like the exchange rate, money supply, inflation, industrial production, long term government bond rate and call money rate. Kwon, Shin and Bacon (1997), assessed the stock market behavior and various multiple macroeconomic variables namely, production index, inflation, expected inflation, risk premium, term structure, dividend yield, trade balance, foreign exchange rate, oil price and money supply. They were time series data regressed on monthly returns of the value weighted Korean composit e stock price index. As a consequence, they concluded that Korean stock market was more sensitive to real economic and international trading activities, like the trade balance, exchange rate, money supply and production index than that of US and Japanese stock indices. Nasseh and Strauss (2000), found a significant link between stock prices and domestic and foreign activity in France, Germany, Italy Netherlands Switzerland and UK. Positive coefficients for industrial production, consumer price index, short term interest rates and business surveys of manufacturing. However, negative coefficients were obtained for long term interest rates. Furthermore, the European stock market was found to be integrated with that of Germany. Rapach (2001) analyzed the impacts of supply shock factors on real U.S stock prices in a structural VAR model and found that real stock returns were negatively correlated with inflation. Maysami, Howe and Hamzah (2004), investigated the link between ma croeconomic variables and the stock market returns in the Singapore stock market. The macroeconomic variables are interest rates, inflation, exchange rates, industrial production and money supply. Singaporean stock market index All-S equities property index proved to share significant relationship with all variables. However, the All-S equities finance index and All-S equities hotel index form significant relationship with only selected variables. Basher and Sadorsky (2006) scrutinized the effect of oil price changes on the stock market returns of 21 emerging economies. Evidence found were positive and significant at 10% level to stock market returns for most if not all countries. A.Humpe and P.Macmillan (2007), made an attempt to examine the long term stock market movements caused by macroeconomic variables. They in fact, made a comparison between the US and Japan. For the US and the Japan macroeconomic variables were, industrial production, consumer price index, money supply , rate of interest which were taken into consideration. Monthly data over the last 40 years were used. As a result, in US, variables like the industrial production positively affect stock prices while negatively affected by inflation and rate of interest. Money supply had an insignificant influence over stock prices. In Japan, two cointegrating vectors were found. Stock prices were positively affected by industrial production and negatively to money supply. The second cointegrating vector depicts that industrial production is negatively related to interest rate and consumer price index. A.Anokye and T. George (2008) examine the influence of a number of macroeconomic variables on stock prices in Ghana. Variables are inflation, interest rate, exchange rate, oil prices, inward FDI. Ghana stock market formed significant relationship with the macroeconomic variables selected. In fact, the presence, of a cointegrating relationship between the variables and stock prices is a signal t hat stock market efficiency is in doubt. In the short run, establishing lead and lag through error correction model shows that investors can cause past values to reap abnormal profits. Kandir (2008) in his investigation, examined the Turkish stock market and how do the growth rate of industrial production index, change in consumer price index, growth rate of narrowly defined money supply, change in exchange rate, interest rate, growth rate of international crude oil price affect the return on the MSCI World Equity Index. A macroeconomic factor model is employed for the period that spans from July 1997 to June 2005. N. Sohail and Z.Hussain (2009) explored the relationship between Lahore stock market and macroeconomic variables. Monthly time series were used and variables were, consumer price index, real effective exchange rate, 3-month treasury bill, industrial production and M2(money supply). Data from 2002-2008 were taken into consideration. As a matter of fact, two long r un relationships were found. In the long run, inflation negatively affected stock prices whilst, industrial production, exchange rate and money supply positively affected them. On the other hand, treasury bills had an insignificant effect on stock prices. The results of the Variance Decomposition showed that inflation explained the maximum variance. K.Jiranyakul (2009) used a set of four macroeconomic variables, namely; the real GDP, money supply, nominal effective exchange rate and Thai stock market index. A positive relationship was found between them using data from (1993-2007). The Engle granger test does not show cointegration, however the Johansen cointegration test exhibits cointegration. There are two cointegrating equations; industrial production had a positive relationship on stock prices whilst inflation had a negative one. Nominal exchange rate adversely affected stock prices. The fundamental crisis imposes no impact on long run relationship. Moreover, there exi st bidirectional causality between stock market and economic growth. MW Mahmod and NM Dinniah (2009) carried out a study of how macroeconomic variables, inflation, output and exchange rate of six Asian Pacific regions affect stock prices. Monthly data for Malaysia, Thailand, Korea and Japan and quarterly data for Hong Kong and Australia were used. According to the Granger test and Johansen and Juselius maximum likehood procedure, there is sufficient evidence showing that there is long run relationship between the selected variables in all three countries. Furthermore, the error correction model depicts a short run link only between foreign exchange rate with stock price of Hong Kong and real output and stock price of Thailand. E. Cagli, U Halac and D.Taskin (2010), studied the relationship of the Turkish stock prices with macroeconomic variables, like the exchange rate, GDP, industrial production, inflation, money supply, interest rates and oil prices and monthly data fr om Jan 1998-Dec 2008 were used. The cointegration test suggests that GDP, oil price, industrial production are cointegrated. Inflation is not cointegrated. According to the unit root test with structural breaks exchange rate, rate of interest are dropped out for the reason they are found to be integrated of order (0) they are hence stationary. D.Plinkus (2010) carried an analysis of how macroeconomic variables affect stock market of main Baltic. Monthly data from Jan 2000 Dec 2008 were used. Indeed, results obtained present granger causality between selected variables and the stock market indices. Nearly all the variables, Gross Domestic Product, unemployment, foreign direct investment, state debt, money supply, export, import, trade balance, shorter interest rates and harmonized consumer price index were found to be causing movements in stock returns. Moreover, the relation between macroeconomic variables and stock returns in Baltic were found to be more reliable in the long ru n. J.Garcia and M.Juarez (2010) investigated the influence of Chinese and American macroeconomic variables in the stock market indices of Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Monthly data for industrial production and interest rates for the period of Jan 200 Dec 2009 were used. As a result, a cointegrating relationship between the USA with the Brazil, Mexico and Chile were obtained whereas at least two cointegrating relationship between China Mexico and Brazil were gained and one with Chile. Implying that Chinese, macroeconomic variables appear to be more cointegrated with Latin American stock. The granger causality tests show that US macroeconomic variables granger cause stock market performance in Mexico and Chile. As a matter of fact, Mexico is found to be the only country which exhibits causality between China and USA. How do the selected macroeconomic factors affect stock returns? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The relationship between economic activity (proxy by GDP) and stock market has been an issue of great interest to many researchers. Mostly, studies have been carried out to find out whether stock prices are influenced by economic changes or determined by speculative bubbles. In the light of mixed empirical evidences, it is found that during recession, stock market returns are low whereas during economic boom and in presence of future expectations about increase in level of economic activity, returns soar. Oskoe (2010) studied stock market performance of Iran with respect to changes in economic growth. As a result a causal relationship between GDP and stock market were found. The Johansen cointegration test showed that stock prices are moved by level of economic activity. Inflation and rate of interest Inflation is defined as a period where there is persistent rise in general price level of goods and services. It affects the stock market in sense that it increases the rates of interest. If the inflation rate is high, the interest rate is also high thus, the creditor will have a tendency to compensate for the rise in interest rates and the debtor has to avail of a loan at a higher rate. This prohibits funds from being invested in stock markets. In addition when the government has enough funds to circulate in the market, the cost of goods, services usually rise. This leads, to the decrease in the purchasing power of individuals and in the value of money. Concisely, for the economy to flourish, inflation and stock market ought to be more conforming and predictable. Feldstein (1980a) stated that inflation decreases share prices because of the link between inflation and the tax system. Money supply Intuitively an increase in the rate of growth of money supply strengthens the rate of increase in stock prices. Conversely, a fall in the rate of growth of money supply should slow down the growth momentum of stock prices. Oil prices Indeed oil prices are very volatile by nature and any fluctuation in such prices affect the economy as a whole. In most if not all economies, all industries, they rely on fuel to run properly. In their study, N.Mujahid, R.Ahmed and K.Mustafa (2006) used data from March 1998 to Dec 2005 and found that there is actually no relationship between oil prices and stock market of Pakistan. The reason behind this is because due to an increased use of gas and liquidity. In fact stock a positive relationship between gas prices and stock market was found. Exchange rates A depreciating currency may depress stock market and hence stock returns. This happens due to expectations of inflation (Ajayi and Mougoue 1996). In this connection, foreign investors are less willing to hold assets in currency that depreciates as this will erode their return on investment. However an appreciating currency will boost the economy as well as the stock market and finally stock returns. Hence exchange rates do affect stock market returns to high extent. Moreover, M.Rahman (2009), studied how stock prices in three merging countries like the Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, interact with respect to fluctuations in exchange rates. Using data from Jan 03 June 2008, result showed that there is no cointegrating relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. The Granger causality test likewise the Johansen test, depicted no causal relationship between stock prices and exchange rates. Result showed there is no way causal relationship between stock prices and exchange rates in the countries.

We Eat More Chickin - 1481 Words

ould We Eat More Chickin? In a blog post â€Å"The Chick Fellatio Ep I: Stuck In the Craw† by Wayne Self, an activist playwright for Huffington Post, claims that the famous chicken sandwich chain, Chick-Fil-A, criminality against the LGBT by handing out millions of dollars to support anti LGBT organizations. Self’s bibliography and the picture of him smiling happily create a strong common ground, also show the readers he is credible for all the work he has done and achievements for the Huffington Post. Moreover, creating a strong common ground with the audience by talking to readers directly, Self effectively brings the readers to his side of the argument, which is to support the LGBT rights. Self provides facts and statistics about how Chick-Fil-A using their profit to against LGBT rights, and proving that Chick-Fil-A is the root of the inequality in LGBT rights. Strengthening the claim of how Chick-Fil-A has supported the anti LGBT organization, Self also articulately uses the emotional attack to find empathy and connections with audiences who view that LGBT rights are equal to basic human rights through his bullying metaphor and the angry passion. In order to make readers believe in him, Self needs a credibility or trust worthy writing experience background, and Self successfully uses his bibliography to prove that he is credible. The bibliography is in bold and a colored box. The reason behind is to catch the readers’ eyes to read the bibliography first. As it says on theShow MoreRelatedPoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 Pagesof distance - of us and them, whereas Atwood uses the inclusive ‘we’, to suggest that this experience of cities is one that we can all relate to and share. Her attitude - and the narratorial tone of the poem - seems negative. She uses words like ‘offends us’, ‘discouraged’, ‘avoidance’, ‘sickness lingering’, including the semantic field of illness. These seem mostly quiet, and passive, but as the poem progresses, she shifts into a more violent tone, with ‘hysteria’, ‘bruise’, ‘vicious’, ‘capsized’

Essay Work Design Challenges

Question: Write about the Essayfor Work Design Challenges. Answer: Introduction Flexibility and innovativeness are key fundamental factors that most businesses in various industries have underutilized in their daily executions. Organizations need to move away from traditional way of doing things the same way, embrace innovativeness and come up with new ideas that enhance profitability by benefiting both the business and the employees as seen in Justitias flexible work model. Establishing flexibility and innovativeness in the business is fundamental but it is only going to succeed when perfectly supplemented by strategic human resource management (SHRM). Human resource management is an important factor which determines the course and fate of the business performance, and without it the business is directionless(Burma, 2014). In an environment which gives much freedom to the employees as seen in the flexible work model, individual monitoring is essential in ensuring that the job performance is not undermined. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are important in this case for determining the whole organizations performance as well as individual output at the workplace. The use of human resource management will ensure that there is hiring of the appropriate personnel who are willing to fit in to the model at work. Apart from ensuring the hiring of the right employees who would fit perfectly in the organization, human resource management also ensures smooth transition of the workers in to their new environment of operation, monitoring and evaluating the employees performance through performance appraisal among other roles (Burma, 2014) The Strategic Role of Human Resource Management Most businesses are driven by the urge of generating more profit, growing in size and outperforming their close rivals in the same industry. But behind all these motivations, there lies a crucial factor which is strategy. Every business sets its goals to be achieved and lays down a well formulated strategy to achieve those goals. Therefore human resource management department comes in as the major player in any organization in terms of aiding the firm to attain its set goals. According to (Alnaqbi, 2011), businesses should concentrate on developing those HRM strategies and policies that fulfills the roles of recruitment, training of the staff and the employees performance appraisal that is in line with organizations acceptable set of beliefs and cultural practices. Furthermore all these HRM functions should aim at one major goal of maintaining good relationship between the employees and the top management. While most businesses use HRM for achieving external goals, some organizations see it as a perfect tool of employee management within an organization. Other firms use HRM strategically by implementing those HR practices and policies that curbs unwanted employee turnover within an organization (Kacmar, Andrews, Rooy, Steilberg, Cerrone, 2006). Within an organization, HRM serves various purposes. (Sava?, 2006), highlighted the objectives of HRM key among them being determining workforce and their cost in relation to the organizations budget, determining salary norms, employee career development and their effectiveness to the organization. Therefore, it can generally be concluded that organizations sets up HRM departments to deal specifically with their important areas of their interests. The Importance of HRM in Justitias Work Design Justitia as a firm employed business strategy based on flexibility. The firm formed an innovative and flexible work design that suited both the employer and the employee. The business partners behind its formation emphasized on a work design independent from the normal, traditional organizational approaches, which valued part-time working, with a team work approach, and quality service delivery. However, this work model required efficient and effective human resource management to succeed. The Justitia partners understood the implication brought about by allowing employees too much time and freedom. Therefore the setting up of the HRM department was an appropriate step in tackling some of the issues regarding employee-organization work relationship. In regard to this work model, human resource management is an important factor in evaluating the employees performance on an individual level, as well as the whole teamwork using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). In addition, the HRM would serve as a regulating unit in charge of controlling the workers conduct, set goals and imparting the set organizational cultural practices, and make sure all the rules and regulations are adhered to. Furthermore, Justitias whole firm approach meant that with a collective approach to the set goals, some workers would just joyride within the group without significant returns. To reduce on passenger workers menace, human resource management would ensure full participation at individual level within the group. Transparency, worker-worker cooperation and client satisfaction are one of the major results the firm would gain from a well organized human resource management. It was imperative for Justitia firm to device an effective HRM department to ensure smooth operation within the business towards the set goals. The Challenges of Justitias Flexible Work Model Everything comes with its negative side regardless of the measure. The Justitias flexible model was always going to have its flaws. With the flexible approach, it gave too much freedom to the employees which was a dangerous move. Despite its flexibility, it is important to note that the model was new to the business industry, and the one very few organizations are willing to implement. Secondly, human resource management would only be important in this model if it directly enhance management practices that contribute to competitive advantages by reinforcing right skills, right attitudes and behaviors that result in reduction of the costs and service differentiation (Burma, 2014). Another notable point is that this model is so difficult to implement in a much larger firms where mostly work and roles are specialized. From Justitias case, there is a well coordinated team work and apparently easy management of every individual and their work output, which explains why workers are allowed to work part-time and have some time for their personal interests. In larger businesses, with thousands of workers specialized within different roles, flexibility becomes difficult. Monitoring of the worker progress and individual employees evaluation would also become a difficult task. The difficulty of mobilizing hundreds of workers with different work specification to work on part-time basis toward achieving the same goal makes this work model typically suited for small-scale firms. According to (Taylor Stern, 2009), for the employees to like the organizations culture, they should be well rewarded fairly for their contributions and their efforts recognized. They should also be trained to improve their skills and develop a talented workforce. With the increase in the size of the firm, these roles eventually overwhelm the HRM department. Viability of the Justitias Flexible Work Model It could easily be concluded that most organizations rarely use flexible work models. They encourage innovations within their traditional organizational set ups. But despite all this, the model is still very much applicable in a very busy and complex work environment. The viability of this model also depends with industry of application and also the organizational set up. For instance in the media industry, big media news corporations such as BBC and CNN may have a good organizational set up for work flexibility. In this case employees such news anchors could only work on part-time basis such that, the news anchor only reports at work during the hour of his/her role, such as news bulletin hour. Similarly, academic institutions such as CQUniversity in Australia may have a flexible working model for their lecturers such that, the lecturer will only report and attend his classes and upon completing the session successfully; he/she could leave for other personal interests as long as the teaching work is effectively completed and students have the required academic content. Furthermore some academic institutions have devised plans of hiring teaching professionals on part-time basis to meet the high education demand in the market. It is also noticeable that this flexible model can be applicable in bigger organizations as part of their programe rather than entirely using the whole design. This model is mostly used by bigger and complex organizations to supplement their workforce need, and as a strategic way of achieving organizational goals. The activity of human resource outsourcing (HRO) by bigger organizations is another good example of flexibility in workforce within bigger organizations. It can be perhaps argued that Justitias flexible work model may not be popular in every firm, but it is clearly apparent that itat least plays some part most complex firms. Conclusively, the flexibility in the job market may not be popular all over the world, but wherever it is employed, it works effectively to the advantage of both the employer and the employee. In addition, human resource management (HRM) plays a very fundamental role in facilitating the success of this work design, through monitoring of individual employee performance, and general team performance. References Alnaqbi, W. (2011). The relationship between human resource practices and employee retention in public organisations : an exploratory study conducted in the United Arab Emirates. Edith Cowan University. Burma, Z. A. (2014). Human Resource Management and Its Importance for Todays Organizations . International Journal of Education and Social Science , 85-92. Kacmar, M., Andrews, M., Rooy, D., Steilberg, C., Cerrone, S. (2006). Sure everyone can be replaced but at what cost?: Turnover as a predictor of unitlevel performance. The Academy of Management Journal , 133-144. Sava?, A. (2006). Eleman Seiminde Yetkinlik Bazl? Mlakat Teknikleri . Istanbul: Anka Matbaac?l?k. Taylor, J. C., Stern, G. M. (2009). The Trouble With HR: An Insiders Guide to Finding and Keeping the Best Talent. New York: American Management Association.

Othello Passage Analysis free essay sample

Othello also says â€Å"I will kill thee/ And love thee after,† showing that he will continue to admire Desdemona in death. At this point, Othello begins to feel a conflict within him as his jealously clashes with the love he feels, causing him to weep over Desdemona. Part 2: Literary Devices One of the literary devices present in this passage is the metaphor and imagery of a rose. Othello compares Desdemona to a rose when he says â€Å"When I have plucked the rose / I cannot give it vital growth again; / It needs must wither, I’ll smell thee on the tree. What Othello is trying to say is that similar to how a rose cannot be re-attached once it is off its branch, Desdemona cannot be revitalized once he kills her. Thus, he must enjoy her while she is still alive, culminating into the kiss that Othello gives her. Imagery is also contained in the lines Othello has, as his comparison of Desdemona with the rose appeals to the reader’s senses of sight and smell. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His lines make the reader imagine a rose that is beautiful and fragrant, but once it is plucked, it shrivels and withers. A second literary device in this passage is the metaphor comparing Othello’s love to God’s love. A religious tone is introduced when Othello says â€Å"This sorrow’s heavenly / It strikes where it doth love. † He is implying that the sadness he feels towards Desdemona is like the grief God feels towards his people. These lines give insight into what Othello might be experiencing at the moment and show that he is torn between his intense love for Desdemona and his jealousy and anger towards her, just like how God loves us, but can get frustrated with us at times too. Similar to how Desdemona has committed a sin that has hurt Othello, we commit sins that hurt God. The second part, â€Å"It strikes where it doth love,† lets the reader know that Othello still loves Desdemona despite what he is planning to do to her. The reader begins to feel pity and sympathy towards Othello for the predicament he is in. While he wants to let Desdemona live, his jealousy and hate prevent him from allowing so. A third literary device in this passage is the symbolism of the candle (Othello refers to it as the â€Å"light. ) The candle is the only light source in the room, once again bringing up the theme of light versus darkness or white versus black. In this case, it symbolizes the internal struggle within Othello. His â€Å"light† side, which is the love he feels for Desdemona, is in conflict with his â€Å"dark† side, which is the hurt and jealousy he feels Desdemona has caused him. As a candle is a very small object to light up an entire room filled with darkness, it may imply that at that moment, Othello’s love is not strong enough to overcome his hate. The candle also serves the purpose of showing Othello’s reluctance to harm Desdemona, as he says â€Å"If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, / I can thy former light restore/ Should I repent me,† meaning that if he decides at the last minute not to kill Desdemona, he can still turn back and light the candle. The candle also serves to set the mood of the scene for the reader, as it is the only thing keeping the set from being completely shrouded in darkness, creating a sinister and mysterious atmosphere, foreshadowing Othello’s murder of Desdemona in the room.